Brassett et al. 2006: 206. Cf. also: ɕi̯ɛ21-ʆi24 'all' [ibid.], ɕiŋ24-kʰi55 'all' [ibid.], yi24-si55 'all' [Brassett et al. 2006: 49, 207]. The difference between these quantitative pronouns is not quite clear. Additionally, the particle tu̯ɔ21 is used with interrogative pronouns to form meanings like 'anyone', 'anything' [Brassett et al. 2006: 49].
Brassett et al. 2006: 168. The main part of the word is the same as 'skin' q.v. Also attested in an extended variant: kʰa21=mɔŋ21=tʰa24-pʰa21, where kʰa21=mɔŋ21 = 'tree' q.v.
Duogu Tujia:
Not attested.
Dianfang Tujia:
Not attested.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:
Not attested.
Tanxi Tujia:
Not attested.
Number:4
Word:belly
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:mɤ21-cʰi21-kʰɤ551
Brassett et al. 2006: 171. A compound formation, derived from mɤ21 'stomach' [ibid.].
Duogu Tujia:mɨe211
Zhang 2006: 422.
Dianfang Tujia:mɨe211
Tian 1986: 175. Also attested in expanded variants: mɨe21-cʰi21-kʰɨe55, mɨe21-ko21 id.
Brassett et al. 2006: 156. Same word as 'to eat' q.v.; dubious, since the word is only attested in one example in this meaning (but a good one: "I was bitten by a dog").
Duogu Tujia:ka241
Zhang 2006: 436. Same word as 'to eat' q.v.
Dianfang Tujia:
Not attested.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:go131
Zhang 2006: 436.
Tanxi Tujia:
Not attested.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. Longshan ka35 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 336] = same word as 'to eat' q.v.
Number:8
Word:black
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:laŋ24-ka551
Brassett et al. 2006: 198. Verbal meaning: 'to be black'.
Brassett et al. 2006: 186. This is probably the transitive verb, opposed to the intransitive ta21 [Brassett et al. 2006: 165] (based on the location of these items in Brassett's classified vocabulary). Cf. also wu24 'to burn' [Brassett et al. 2006: 187].
Brassett et al. 2006: 170. Attested in even more complex formations: ɕi̯ɛ24-mi55-tʰi21-kʰu̯ɔ24-tʰa1 'fingernail' (where ɕi̯ɛ24-mi55-tʰi21 = 'finger'), ɕi21-mi55-tʰi21-kʰu̯ɔ24-tʰa1 'toenail' (where ɕi21-mi55-tʰi21 = 'toe').
Duogu Tujia:kʰo53-tʰa531
Zhang 2006: 423.
Dianfang Tujia:kʰo55-tʰa551
Tian 1986: 175. The actual attested form is even 'longer', referring specifically to 'finger-nail': ɕe35=mi55=tʰi=21=kʰo53-tʰa53, where the first three syllables = 'finger'.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:ʓie53=mũ21=ko21-lo211
Zhang 2006: 423.
Tanxi Tujia:ʓe55=mo55=kʰo211
Tian 1986: 175.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan ɕie35=mi55=tʰi21=kʰo55-tʰa55, Luxi ʓie55=mo21=kʰo21 [Chen 2006: 189].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:me24=la55-ɔŋ211
Brassett et al. 2006: 164. Meaning glossed as plural ('clouds'). The first morpheme is me24 'sky' [ibid.].
Duogu Tujia:
Not attested.
Dianfang Tujia:mɨe35=la55-ɣũ211
Tian 1986: 165. The first morpheme is mɨe35 'sky' [ibid.].
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:yẽ21-doʉ33-1
Zhang 2006: 400. Borrowed from Chinese (雲頭 yùn-tóu).
Tanxi Tujia:yüẽ33-1
Tian 1986: 165. Borrowed from Chinese (雲 yùn).
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan me35=lan53-uen21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 364]; Longshan mɯe35=la55-ɣoŋ21, Luxi yin21-dɯ21-bo33 [Chen 2006: 176]. The meaning 'cloud' in Northern Tujia is always expressed by the bisyllabic compound *la1-ɣɔŋ3, whose individual parts are semantically obscure. In all known Southern Tujia dialects, the original word has been replaced by Chinese borrowings.
Number:15
Word:cold
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:sa211
Brassett et al. 2006: 164. The meaning is glossed as verbal: 'to be cold'. Cf. also wu24-ɕʰi55 'cold one' [Brassett et al. 2006: 199].
Cf. also Longshan xa53-le21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 78]; Longshan xa55-lie21, Luxi cʰie55 [Chen 2006: 180]. There is no certified Common Tujia equivalent: all Northern dialects have the disyllabic formation *xa5a-li̯e3 (individual meanings of the two syllables are unknown), and all Southern dialects have *cʰe5a. It is quite possible, although not a certainty, that the Northern forms really go back to a monosyllabic borrowing from a Hmong source (if North Tujia *xali̯ɛ < *xle < *ɬe, cf. Qiandong Hmong ɬa, etc.). If so, the Southern forms may be more archaic.
Cf. also Longshan ʑo53 and li53 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 283]; Longshan li53, Luxi mu21=cʰie35 [Chen 2006: 177]. There is some confusion in the sources, but normally the Swadesh meaning 'earth (as substance)' is rendered by the Chinese compounds 土地 tǔ-dì or 旱土 hàn-tǔ (literally 'dry earth'). This meaning usually corresponds to Tujia dialectal reflexes of Common Tujia *zɔ5a. This meaning is lexically distinct from 'earth, land (as surface)', which is expressed by Common Tujia *li5a.
Brassett et al. 2006: 199. Meaning glossed as 'to be many'. Cf. also law55-xu̯a55 'much, many' [Brassett et al. 2006: 198]; ca24-say55 'to be many' [Brassett et al. 2006: 199]. The difference between these quasi-synonyms is unclear; we choose the short predicative form zi21 because of external comparanda.
Duogu Tujia:zi211
Zhang 2006: 450.
Dianfang Tujia:zi211
Tian 1986: 201. Additional synonyms include key55-ti21 and pʰo55-la21 [ibid.]; semantic difference remains unclear.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:zi451
Zhang 2006: 450.
Tanxi Tujia:zi351
Tian 1986: 201.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan ʑi21 (applied to people) and kay53-ti21 (applied to money) [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 56]; Longshan zi21, kʰo21-lo21, Luxi zi35 [Chen 2006: 219].
Zhang 2006: 400. Meaning of the last two syllables is unclear.
Dianfang Tujia:su21-su21 ~ su21-su21-kʰa21-ʆe211
Tian 1986: 165. Meaning of the last two syllables (in the second, complex variant) is unclear.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:ye21-liã45-1
Zhang 2006: 400. Borrowed from Chinese (月亮 yuè-liàng).
Tanxi Tujia:lo35-ʆi55-dʉ352
Tian 1986: 165.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan su21-su21 ~ su21-su21-kʰa21-ʆi21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 364]; Longshan su21-su21 ~ su21-su21-kʰa21-ʆie21, Luxi lo35-ʆi55 [Chen 2006: 176]. The original root for 'moon' seems to be well preserved in Northern Tujia, where it is usually reduplicated. In Southern Tujia, it has been either replaced with a Chinese borrowing or a new formation that seems to combine the original root for 'sun' q.v. with a modifier morpheme of unclear semantics.
Number:55
Word:mountain
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:kʰu55-li̯ɛ551
Brassett et al. 2006: 166. Cf. kʰu55-ca21 'small hill' [ibid.]. Cf. also ɕʰi̯ɛ55-sa55 'hill, mountain' [ibid.].
Duogu Tujia:kʰu53-ca531
Zhang 2006: 401.
Dianfang Tujia:kʰu55-ca55 ~ kʰu55-le551
Tian 1986: 166.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:za53-kʰa212
Zhang 2006: 401.
Tanxi Tujia:za552
Tian 1986: 166.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan kʰu53-ca53 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 227]; Longshan kʰu55-ca55 (synonym: ɕʰie55-lie55), Luxi za55-kʰa21 [Chen 2006: 177]. The basic root morpheme for 'mountain' in Northern Tujia is *kʰu1; the forms in Southern Tujia seem to either coincide or be derived from 'earth' q.v.
Number:56
Word:mouth
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:ca24-ɕʰi551
Brassett et al. 2006: 171.
Duogu Tujia:ca24-ɕʰi441
Zhang 2006: 422.
Dianfang Tujia:ca35-ɕʰi551
Tian 1986: 174. Also attested in monosyllabic form: ce35 [ibid.].
Brassett et al. 2006: 200. Alternate synonym: la21-yɤ24 [Brassett et al. 2006: 164] (judging by external data, the more precise meaning here is '(at) nighttime').
Duogu Tujia:
Not attested.
Dianfang Tujia:
Not attested properly. Cf. nã21-cʰi55-cʰai55 '(at) nighttime' [Tian 1986: 169].
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:
Not attested.
Tanxi Tujia:
Not attested properly. Cf. la21-pʰɨe21-te55 '(at) nighttime' [Tian 1986: 169].
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan pʰe53 'night' [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 338]. The main root morpheme for 'night' seems to be *pʰe1a; unfortunately, it is not attested in many of the sources, which prefer to list the (semi-adverbial?) form 'at night, in the nighttime' instead; this form sometimes continues to retain the old root 'night' (cf. Tanxi), but more often is generated from other morphemes, including Chinese borrowings (Qixin la21=yɤ24 < Chinese 夜 yè 'night').
Brassett et al. 2006: 132. This particle is said to express "objective negation", and is distinct from tʰa55, said to express "subjective negation" ("the speaker's belief or the speaker's decision not to perform a certain action", as in "it won't be cold today", "I don't wear shoes in the house", etc.). Both are also distinct from the prohibitive tʰa21 [Brassett et al. 2006: 202].
Brassett et al. 2006: 164. Meaning glossed as verbal ('to rain'), but there does not seem to be any lexically separate equivalents for 'rain (n.)' in Tujia. The first syllable is mɤ24 'sky' [ibid.].
Duogu Tujia:mɨe24=ce211
Zhang 2006: 400. The first syllable is mɨe24 'sky'.
Dianfang Tujia:mɨe35=ce211
Tian 1986: 165. The first syllable is mɨe35 'sky'.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:ze131
Zhang 2006: 400.
Tanxi Tujia:ze351
Tian 1986: 165.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan me35=ce21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 358]; Longshan mɯe35=cie21, Luxi zie35-ʒi55 [Chen 2006: 176]. The main root morpheme is *ce3a, sometimes accompained by the prefixal component 'sky' or an alternate suffix.
Number:66
Word:red
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:mi̯ɛn55-ɕi̯ɛ551
Brassett et al. 2006: 199. Verbal meaning: 'to be red'.
Duogu Tujia:miã53-ɕie441
Zhang 2006: 450.
Dianfang Tujia:miã55-ɕe551
Tian 1986: 202. Also attested in an extended semi-reduplicated variant: miã55-ɕe55-ɕe55.
Brassett et al. 2006: 197. Verbal meaning: 'to be round'. Cf. also tʰu̯an21-ku55-lu̯ɔ21, tʰu̯an21-tʰu̯an21-cu̯an24-cu̯an55 'to be round' [Brassett et al. 2006: 199].
Brassett et al. 2006: 165. Also attested in a longer variant as a21-pa21-pu24-li55 (cf. a21-pa21 'stone'). Polysemy: 'gravel / sand'. The main morpheme is a21 'stone' q.v.; -pu24-li55 is a productive diminutive suffix.
Duogu Tujia:ɣa21-pʰi24-pʰi531
Zhang 2006: 402.
Dianfang Tujia:a21-pu35-li351
Tian 1986: 166. The morpheme sequence -pu35-li35 is the same diminutive suffix as in Qixin.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:sa53-ci21-1
Zhang 2006: 402. Borrowed from Chinese (沙子 shāzi).
Tanxi Tujia:lʉ35=sa55-ci21-1
Tian 1986: 166. Borrowed from Chinese (沙子 shāzi); initial lʉ35= seems to be a recently appended classifier (= 'stone' q.v.).
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan ɣa21-pu21-li21, Luxi sa55 [Chen 2006: 178]. There is no special lexical root for 'sand' in Tujia: Northern Tujia dialects generally use the root 'stone' q.v. with the diminutive suffix -pu-li, and Southern Tujia dialects have all borrowed the corresponding word from Chinese.
Brassett et al. 2006: 199. Meaning glossed as verbal: 'to be small'. Alternate synonyms: (a) cʰa55-cʰey55 [Brassett et al. 2006: 197]; (b) pi24-kʰuy55 [Brassett et al. 2006: 197].
Duogu Tujia:suã531
Zhang 2006: 449.
Dianfang Tujia:suã551
Tian 1986: 200. Another synonym: pi35-kʰuei55 [ibid.].
Cf. also Longshan kʰe35-kʰa21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 331]; Longshan kʰɯe35-kʰa21, Luxi kʰɯe55-sa21 [Chen 2006: 178]. The main root morpheme in all dialects is *kʰɯe5a, extended with different modifiers in Northern and Southern Tujia. Transcription with k- rather than kʰ- in Tanxi Tujia may be erroneous (every other dialect clearly indicates aspiration).
Brassett et al. 2006: 165. The main morpheme is ʆi21; -pu24-li55 is a productive diminutive suffix.
Duogu Tujia:si53-zi211
Zhang 2006: 400.
Dianfang Tujia:si51-zi211
Tian 1986: 165. Also attested in the long variant si51-zi21-pu35-li35, where -pu35-li35 is the same diminutive suffix as in Qixin.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:tʰiæ̃33=sẽ33-ci53-1
Zhang 2006: 400. Most likely borrowed from Chinese (天星子 tiān-xīng-zi, literally 'sky star').
Tanxi Tujia:ʆẽ33-ci33-1
Tian 1986: 165. See notes on Luxi.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan si53-ʑi21-pu35-li53 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 320]; Longshan si55-zi55-pu35-li55, Luxi mɯe21=ʆin33-ci33-bu21 [Chen 2006: 176]. The original root for 'star' is best preserved in Northern Tujia; in Southern Tujia, it seems to have been mostly replaced by a Chinese borrowing (Common Southern Tujia *sẽ33 < Chinese xīng; the same morpheme is also found in numerous borrowed compounds in Northern Tujia as well, e. g. ʆen53-ɕʰi53 'week' < Chinese xīng-qī, etc. [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 320].
Number:81
Word:stone
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:a21-pa211
Brassett et al. 2006: 165.
Duogu Tujia:ɣa21-pa211
Zhang 2006: 402.
Dianfang Tujia:a21-pa211
Tian 1986: 166.
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:loʉ13-koʉ21-doʉ132
Zhang 2006: 402.
Tanxi Tujia:lʉ352
Tian 1986: 166. Also attested in a longer variant: lʉ35-kʉ33-tʉ35.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan a21-pa21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 240]; Longshan ɣa21-pa21, Luxi lɯ35 [Chen 2006: 178]. There is no Common Tujia form: Northern Tujia has *ɣa3-pa3 (where -pa3 is a common nominal suffix without transparent semantics), whereas Southern Tujia shows *lɯ3a instead.
Number:82
Word:sun
Tasha (Qixin) Tujia:law211
Brassett et al. 2006: 164. Also attested as law21-cʰi21 id., where cʰi21 = 'to shine (of the sun)' [ibid.].
Duogu Tujia:naw21-cʰi211
Zhang 2006: 400. The main lexical morpheme is naw21; cʰi21 = 'to shine' (see notes on Qixin).
Dianfang Tujia:naw21 ~ naw21-cʰi211
Tian 1986: 165. cʰi21 = 'to shine' (see notes on Qixin).
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:no45-doʉ331
Zhang 2006: 400.
Tanxi Tujia:lo35-yi33-dʉ131
Tian 1986: 165.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan law21-ci21 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 265]; Longshan lau21-cʰi21 ~ lau21, Luxi lo35-yi55 [Chen 2006: 176]. The main root morpheme is compounded with different modifiers in Northern and Southern Tujia dialects, but only the Northern modifier ('to shine') is etymologically clear for the time being.
Cf. also Longshan ʑe35-su53 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 66]; Longshan zie35-su55, Luxi zie33-ŋɯe21 [Chen 2006: 176]. The original root morpheme for 'wind' is extended with different modifier roots in Northern (*ze2-su1) and Southern (*ze2-ŋey6) in Tujia.
Brassett et al. 2006: 200. Cf. also sɤ55-tʰɔŋ55 'year of age' [Brassett et al. 2006: 174].
Duogu Tujia:
Not attested.
Dianfang Tujia:nũ211
Tian 1986: 167. Cf. also se55-tʰũ55 'year of age' [ibid.].
Boluo (Luxi) Tujia:
Not attested.
Tanxi Tujia:niʉ351
Tian 1986: 167.
Common Tujia notes:
Cf. also Longshan loŋ53 [Zhang Weiquan 2006: 182]; Longshan loŋ21, Luxi ɲioŋ35 [Chen 2006: 178]. The meaning 'year of age' is usually distinct from 'year (calendar period)', and seems to be generally expressed with a Chinese borrowing (歲 suì).